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RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION ASSESSMENT IN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY-RIGHT VENTRICULAR SERIES PART-2

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 RIGHT VENTRICULAR SERIES PART-2  RIGHT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION ASSESSMENT Why should we  measure   Right Ventricular   function  in the  echo? The right ventricle  has its  unique function  In our  first   part of  Right Ventricular series(RV SERIES) we  discussed  how to quantify  Right Ventricular size  in  echo Before going  to the lecture  we have  to know  there is some  limitation  for assessing Right Ventricle in  echo  because of the  crescentic shape , we had already  discussed  this in our  first   part of  RV series. Right ventricular function is mainly assessed by  5   methods: Tricuspid  annular plane   systolic excursion fractional area  change tei index s   prime visual  estimation  of RV  free wall  tricuspid  annular motion TAPSE   TAPSE is  measured  from Right Ventricle m mode. In  apical  four-chamber view m mode cursor  placed  on the  junction  of  tricuspid valve plane  with the RV  free wall.  Tapse is the  difference  in displacement during  diastole  and  systol
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HEART AND TECHY-RIGHT VENTRICULAR SIZE AND FUNCTION ASSESSMENT ECHO-PART 1

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RIGHT VENTRICLE SIZE AND FUNCTION IN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY The right  ventricle   is a  complex   three-dimensional shape.  Echocardiographic assessment of the  right ventricle  is  more   difficult  than that of left ventricle because of the  complex geometry  and is  divided   into two   parts : the inflow tract and the outflow tract,  separated  by the crista supraventricular. Echocardiographic  imaging of  RV  function and  measurement  of ejection fraction has been  difficult  because of the  complex form  and  motion pattern  of the  RV  and  problems  with defining the  endocardial surface  of the  thin  RV  free wall.  Another important factor that complicates the interpretation of RV  function  is the varying  loading conditions.  In daily cardiology practice, RV function has traditionally been  evaluated  qualitatively by  2D  echocardiography. QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS TO ASSESS THE RV SIZE IN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: A standard apical four-chamber is best to assess RV size compared with t
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SINUS TACHYCARDIA ECG CHANGES - HEART AND TECHY

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  SINUS TACHYCARDIA ECG CHANGES - HEART  AND TECHY E cg changes in   sinus tachycardia. What is  meant  by  tachycardia? T achy  means   increasing   heart rate   more  than  100   beats  per  minute , before going  to discuss  about this topic we have  to know  what is  meant  by  sinus rhythm , you can refer this topic in my  previous video , the  link  is here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSgITZ98bOM In sinus tachy, there is no  conduction   related  abnormality present. Only the  P, QRS  and T complexes  recorded   in   rapid  succession. sinus tachy is a  normal physiological response  during  emotion ,  respiration ,  exercise But some  cases  sinus  tachycardia  also occur in some  pathological conditions  such as  thyrotoxicosis, toxaemia,  cardiac failure , in  cardiac failure  this  arrhythmia  mainly occur in as a  result  of  increased   Bainbridge  reflex. It is a normal accompaniment in  fever , the  sinus rate  will  increase  by  8   beats  per  minute  for every one
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SINUS ARRHYTHMIA-HEART AND TECHY-ECG CHANGES

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  SINUS ARRHYTHMIA-HEART  AND TECHY-ECG CHANGES W hat is meant by  sinus arrhythmia, what are the ecg changes associated with sinus arrhythmia..before going to that you have  to know  what is  meant  by  normal sinus rhythm? ...... These  are  the criteria for  diagnosing   normal sinus rhythm ........... A  regular rhythm  at a  rate  of  60  to  100   beats  per  minute Each  p wave  is  followed by  a qrs complex P wave   will  be  upright  in  leads II, III,  a  v  f and  lead   1  and a v l,  negative  in a  v r  and biphasic in  v   1   why  the  p   wave  have different morphology in  different leads? I  had already prepared a video-based upon the  right  and  left   atrial enlargement , you can refer this there, the  link  is here PART I: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jn2a5... PART II: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtDIl... so these are the criteria for  diagnosing  a  sinus rhythm  from an  ecg.   Coming to sinus arrhythmia it is a  normal physiological response  usually.
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PERICARDITIS ECG CHANGES - HEART AND TECHY

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  PERICARDITIS ECG CHANGES-HEART AND TECHY P ericarditis  is the  inflammation  of pericardium. Pericarditis Acute pericarditis is  caused  by  infective , autoimmune,neoplastic,  radiation injury  or  metabolic causes. Virus Viral infection  is the most common  cause  of pericarditis.Pericarditis in  acute myocardial infarction  is  due  to local pericardial inflammation. Main   ecg   changes  in pericardial effusion are PR  segment depression  and ST segment  elevation virus ST segment elevation is occur  due   to change  in  epicardium,this  exerts a  pressure  in our  heart  which will  result in   decreasing  contractility,decrease filling and  decrease   cardiac output. Our  heart  consist of  3  layers, epicardium myocardium and  endocardium,epicardium  is the layer which is very close to pericardium,so  changes  which occur in  epicardium  in pericarditis will also a ffect   pericardium layers of the heart Majority  of perfusion occur in our  heart  during diastole.C hanges  in
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HEART RATE CALCULATION IN ECG-HEART AND TECHY

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HEART RATE   CALCULATION  IN  ECG-HEART AND TECHY First of all  we are  discussing  about  rate  of  e c g paper ,Before  calculating   heart rate  from an  e c g  you have  to know  what is  meant  by  standardisation  in an  e c g paper X  axis of the  paper  denotes the  time  and  Y  axis denotes the  amplitude.One   large box  in an  e c g paper  contain  25   small boxes  totally that is  5   small boxes  in  x  and  5   small boxes  in  y  axis. In x axis  duration of  one  small box  is 0.04  second  ,so  duration of   5   large box  is 0.2 second.In Y axis amplitude of one  small box  is 0.1 millivolt and  5   large box  is 0.5 millivolt, first step  while  reading   e c g  is  to look  for whether  standardization  is properly done. This is the  standardization mark  in the  ecg.We  have  to look  at this  vertical mark  in the  e c g   and  see  the  mark  exactly  covers  two  big squares. Standard calibration is  25   mm/second,0.1millivolt per millimeter. For  calculating
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Add caption DIURETICS-CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS   Diuretics   lower   blood pressure  by  increasing  the  kidneys   excretion  of  sodium  and  water ,which in  turn   reduces  the  volume  of  blood These are the  older   antihypertensive   agents , The   diuretics  are  classified  according to the  site  of  action  in the  kidney ,Thiazide diuretics  work  in the  tubules Loop   diuretics  are more potent than  thiazide  diuretics,They are usually  prescribed  when thiazide diuretics proves to be  insufficient  for  patients  with  heart failure Potassium  sparing diuretics  work  in the  area  were  potassium  is  excreted,Diuretics  are the  class  of  drugs  which are  less   expensive  in  antihypertensive drugs Diuretics  increase  the  rate  of  urine  formation.Main indications of diuretics are  to decrease   B   P  and  Oedema ,Types  of diuretics are  carbonic  anhydrase inhibitors,osmotic diuretics, Loop diuretics ,Thiazide diuretics, Thiazide  like diuretics, potassium   spa
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