ECHOCARDIOGRAM BASIC VIEWS

Echocardiography is a type of diagnostic tool which is used to assess the cardiac function. It is noninvasive painless and a safe technic also


Ultrasound: A sound is a form of energy. It is a pressure wave created by mechanical action. Speed of sound is dependent upon the properties of media it is travelling through. It is propagated from waves of compression and rarefaction and requires a tissue to travel. Ultrasound is the most widely used imaging technology around the world. Sound of frequencies higher than 20 kHz can not be perceived by the human ear and is called ultrasound. The human hearing range of the ultrasound wave is approximately 20 kHz.The frequency range of ultrasound which is used for the Echo is in the range of 1.5 MHz to 7.5 MHz.

Echocardiography



A transducer creates sound waves and receives echoes using the piezoelectric effect. It converts the kinetic or mechanical energy into electrical energy due to the deformation of piezoelectric elements in the probe. Transducer probe sends and receives the sound waves. Quartz crystals have a physical property that if an electric current is applied, it will change shape and vibrate to create a sound wave, also in reverse if sound vibrates of off it will convert that sound waves into electric current.


There are three echo methods in clinical usage. These are 2D, M MODE, DOPPLER METHODES (PW, CW, COLOR FLOW). 2D echo helps to analyse the anatomy of the heart, Ventricular and valve function.M Mode echo helps in the measurements of dimension and cardiac events. Colour flow imaging helping in diagnosing the regurgitation, stenosis and shunt lesions.PW Doppler helps to identify the normal valve flow pattern and for determination of stroke volume and cardiac output. Continuous-wave Doppler helps to identify the severe stenosis and regurgitation and it also helps to identify the velocity of shunts.

Echo Views:


Parasternal window is obtained from placing the probe pointer or marker to the 2nd-4th intercostal space of the left side of the sternum

PLAX(PARASTERNAL LONG AXIS)

Echocardiography


PSAX(PARASTERNAL SHORT AXIS)

1.AORTIC LEVEL                                             2.MITRAL LEVEL(BASAL)



               PV-PULMONARY VALVE

               RPA-RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY

               LPA-LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY

3.PAPILLARY MUSCLE LEVEL(MID)                                                                        4.APICAL CAP(LV APEX)


 

                PM:POSTEROMEDIAL PAPILLARY

                        MUSCLE

                AL:ANTEROLATERAL PAPILLARY MUSCLE 


The apical view is obtained placing the probe in the 4th -5th intercostals space and we have to go laterally 

1.APICAL FOUR CHAMBER(AP4C)                                                            

 2..APICAL TWO CHAMBER (AP2C)                                                                    


     3.APICAL THREE CHAMBER(AP3C)

4.APICAL FIVE CHAMBER(AP5C)


The subcostal view is obtained by placing the probe below the xiphoid process of the sternum

Suprasternal window is obtained by placing the probe in the suprasternal notch of the sternum


Echocardiography


For obtaining the echo images patient should be placed in the left lateral decubitus position.This position approximates the heart towards the chest wall and spread the ribs.

You can also refer the topic in the link

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRrYRylZdS67_kbATQrLQqA







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